Sarmad Kashani : Sufi Saint Killed By Aurangzeb

Sarmad Kashani: The Mystic, Poet, and Martyr

Sarmad Kashani remains one of the most enigmatic figures in Indian history, a man whose life was defined by mysticism, poetry, and an unwavering commitment to truth. His legacy, however, is shrouded in controversy, making him both a revered and a misunderstood figure. A poet of Persian origin, he lived in India during the 17th century and became famous for his radical beliefs and fearless expression, which ultimately led to his execution by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Despite his tragic end, Sarmad’s poetry and philosophical contributions continue to inspire seekers of truth, spirituality, and freedom of thought.

Early Life and Arrival in India

Sarmad was born in the early 17th century in Persia (modern-day Iran). His full name was Sarmad Kashani, and he hailed from a well-educated and wealthy Jewish family. His background enabled him to receive an extensive education in multiple disciplines, including philosophy, poetry, and mysticism. He was deeply influenced by Sufi traditions, which emphasized direct communion with the divine rather than strict adherence to religious dogma.

His journey to India was prompted by a combination of spiritual calling and trade. He initially arrived in Thatta, Sindh (present-day Pakistan), as a merchant. However, his life took a significant turn when he met a Hindu boy named Abhay Chand, with whom he shared a deep spiritual connection. This relationship, which defied conventional religious norms, was instrumental in Sarmad’s renunciation of worldly possessions and his adoption of an ascetic lifestyle. He began wandering across India, immersing himself in spiritual contemplation and poetry.

A Mystic and Poet

Sarmad’s poetry is among the most profound and radical works of the time. Written primarily in Persian, his verses defied conventional religious and societal norms. His poetry often delved into themes of divine love, self-realization, and the rejection of hypocrisy. Like other Sufi poets, Sarmad emphasized the inward journey to truth rather than blind adherence to rituals.

His quatrains (rubaiyat) reflect his defiance of orthodoxy and his deep yearning for spiritual enlightenment. Some of his most famous poems challenge religious formalism, emphasizing the supremacy of personal experience in understanding the divine. This made him a controversial figure, as his interpretations often conflicted with the religious authorities of his time.

Association with Dara Shikoh

One of the most crucial relationships in Sarmad’s life was with Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of Emperor Shah Jahan and the crown prince of the Mughal Empire. Dara was a liberal thinker who sought to bridge the gap between Hindu and Islamic philosophies. He was deeply interested in the Upanishads, Sufism, and mystical traditions.

Sarmad became one of Dara Shikoh’s close advisors, and his influence on the prince further alarmed conservative factions in the Mughal court. Dara Shikoh’s inclination toward religious tolerance and syncretism made him a threat to the orthodox ulema, and when he was defeated by his brother Aurangzeb in 1659, Sarmad’s fate was sealed.

The Trial and Execution

Aurangzeb, known for his strict adherence to Islamic orthodoxy, viewed Sarmad as a heretic and a dangerous influence. The charges against Sarmad were primarily based on his refusal to recite the full Islamic creed (Shahada). He would only say, “La ilaha” (There is no God), deliberately leaving out the concluding part “illallah” (but Allah). His explanation was that he had not yet reached the complete realization of God and was still on a spiritual journey.

This ambiguous yet profound stance was unacceptable to the religious authorities, who saw it as blasphemy. Sarmad was arrested and brought before a court in Delhi. When pressed to recite the full Shahada, he maintained his cryptic stance, arguing that he could not claim something he had not fully realized. His defiance led to a death sentence, and he was publicly executed in 1661.

Sarmad’s Legacy

Despite his execution, Sarmad Kashani’s influence did not wane. His tomb, located near the Jama Masjid in Delhi, remains a site of reverence, attracting people from various backgrounds. His poetry and philosophy continue to be studied by scholars of Sufism and Persian literature.

Sarmad’s legacy is significant for several reasons. First, he represents the spirit of fearless expression and intellectual freedom. His defiance of dogma and rigid interpretations of religion makes him a symbol of spiritual liberation. Second, his life is a testament to the syncretic traditions of India, where religious boundaries were often blurred in the pursuit of truth. His close relationship with a Hindu companion and his interactions with Dara Shikoh highlight the cultural and spiritual exchanges that flourished in medieval India.

Sarmad in Contemporary Context

Sarmad Kashani’s life and philosophy hold immense relevance even today. In an era where rigid interpretations of religion often lead to conflict, his message of personal spiritual exploration and defiance of hypocrisy serves as a powerful reminder of the need for tolerance and free thought.

Many modern scholars and poets regard Sarmad as a precursor to contemporary ideas of dissent, freedom of speech, and the questioning of authority. His unwavering stance against religious dogma and his willingness to embrace an unconventional path make him an enduring figure in discussions on spirituality and philosophy.

Conclusion

Sarmad Kashani was more than just a poet or a mystic; he was a revolutionary thinker who challenged societal norms and religious orthodoxy. His life, marked by fearless defiance and profound poetry, continues to inspire those who seek truth beyond the confines of convention. Though his physical presence was extinguished by Aurangzeb’s decree, his ideas live on, reminding humanity that the pursuit of truth often comes at great personal cost but remains the noblest of endeavors.