Who Are Dawoodi Bohras?

Understanding the Dawoodi Bohras: A Unique Community within Islam

The Dawoodi Bohras form a distinct and closely-knit sect within Shia Islam, belonging to the Ismaili branch. They are a part of the Tayyibi Musta’li sect, which traces its roots back to the Fatimid Caliphate that originated in North Africa and later spread to Yemen. Today, the Dawoodi Bohra community is a vibrant and influential group, not just in India but around the world, known for their unique cultural practices, religious traditions, and strong sense of community.

Origin and Historical Background

The history of the Dawoodi Bohras can be traced back to the 10th century when the Fatimid dynasty came into power in Egypt. The Fatimids, who followed the Ismaili branch of Shia Islam, established a caliphate that had its influence across much of the Islamic world. After the decline of the Fatimids in Egypt, the community split into various branches, one of which became the Tayyibi Ismailis. This branch eventually led to the emergence of the Dawoodi Bohra community, primarily centered in Yemen and later expanding to India, particularly in the Gujarat region.

The name “Dawoodi” refers to the lineage of the community’s leaders, who are known as “Dais.” The term “Bohras” itself is derived from the Gujarati word “bohra,” meaning a merchant or trader, reflecting the community’s historically significant role in trade and commerce.

Religious Leadership: The Role of the Da’i al-Mutlaq

One of the most defining aspects of the Dawoodi Bohra community is their leadership structure, which is centered around the Da’i al-Mutlaq, a hereditary spiritual leader. The Da’i al-Mutlaq is believed to possess infallible knowledge and guidance on all matters, both religious and temporal. The position of the Da’i is passed down from father to son, ensuring continuity of leadership and spiritual guidance for the community.

The current Da’i al-Mutlaq, Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin, is the 53rd leader in the community’s history. He succeeded his father, Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin, after his passing in 2014. Under Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin’s leadership, the Dawoodi Bohra community has continued to flourish, with an emphasis on education, welfare, and unity.

The Da’i al-Mutlaq is not only a spiritual leader but also a figure of immense authority within the community. His decisions are considered binding, and his guidance is followed in all aspects of life, from religious observances to social and economic matters. The community looks to the Da’i for direction on religious interpretation, and his decrees are considered divinely inspired.

Beliefs and Practices

The Dawoodi Bohras adhere to the principles of Ismaili Shia Islam, with some distinctive practices that set them apart from other Islamic groups. One of the core beliefs of the Dawoodi Bohras is the concept of the Imam, a divinely appointed spiritual leader who is believed to be the rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammad. Unlike the majority of Shia Muslims, who recognize a line of twelve Imams, the Dawoodi Bohras follow a different lineage of Imams, tracing their spiritual ancestry back to the Fatimids.

The Dawoodi Bohras observe many religious practices similar to other Shia Muslims, such as regular prayers (salat), fasting during the holy month of Ramadan, and paying the Islamic almsgiving (zakat). However, they also observe some unique rituals, including the celebration of specific religious events such as the commemoration of the martyrdom of Imam Ali and his son, Imam Husayn. The community also observes the practice of “fidyah,” a form of charity given to those in need, especially during times of religious observance.

Another distinguishing feature of the Dawoodi Bohras is their strict adherence to the teachings of their spiritual leader. The Da’i al-Mutlaq plays a central role in guiding the community’s religious practices and interpretations of the faith. This centralized leadership has helped maintain unity within the community and fostered a strong sense of identity among its members.

Social and Cultural Practices

Dawoodi Bohras are known for their distinctive cultural practices, which include their unique style of dress, social customs, and communal activities. One of the most recognizable aspects of their cultural identity is the traditional attire worn by men and women. Women wear a specific type of clothing called the “rida,” a long, flowing garment that covers the body modestly. Men typically wear a white outfit with a cap known as a “topi.”

The Dawoodi Bohra community places great emphasis on communal dining, particularly the practice of eating from a shared platter known as the “thaal.” This custom fosters a sense of unity and community, as families and individuals come together to share meals, regardless of their social status or wealth. This communal approach to dining is not just about food; it symbolizes the community’s commitment to togetherness and solidarity.

In addition to communal dining, the Dawoodi Bohras also engage in regular social gatherings, where they come together to celebrate religious holidays, honor their leaders, and engage in charitable activities. The community is deeply involved in charity and welfare programs, both within their own ranks and in the broader society.

Global Presence and Influence

Although the Dawoodi Bohras are primarily based in India, particularly in Gujarat, they have a significant presence in several other countries. The community has established vibrant diasporas in countries such as Pakistan, Yemen, East Africa, the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. This global presence has allowed the Dawoodi Bohras to influence various aspects of social, political, and economic life, both within their communities and in the wider world.

The Dawoodi Bohras are highly regarded for their entrepreneurial spirit and their involvement in commerce. Many members of the community have established businesses in various sectors, including textiles, real estate, and trade. The community’s emphasis on education, particularly in the fields of science, technology, and business, has further contributed to their success and influence.

Education and Welfare

Education is a cornerstone of the Dawoodi Bohra community, and this focus on learning is instilled from a young age. The community has established educational institutions around the world, most notably Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah, a university in Mumbai that offers religious and secular education to young Bohras. In addition to religious studies, the curriculum at these institutions emphasizes subjects like science, technology, and the humanities, ensuring that members of the community are well-equipped for success in the modern world.

The Dawoodi Bohra community is also deeply committed to social welfare. One of the most prominent initiatives is Faiz al-Mawaid al-Burhaniyah, a program that provides free meals to community members in need. This charity has been instrumental in alleviating hunger and poverty among the Bohras, particularly in areas where the community is concentrated. Additionally, the community regularly engages in humanitarian efforts, such as providing disaster relief and supporting health care initiatives.

Conclusion

The Dawoodi Bohras are a unique and tightly-knit community within the broader Islamic world. Their distinct religious practices, cultural traditions, and emphasis on education and welfare make them stand out as an exemplary model of social cohesion and spiritual devotion. Under the leadership of their spiritual leader, the Da’i al-Mutlaq, the Dawoodi Bohras have thrived both in India and across the globe, contributing significantly to their societies while maintaining their unique identity and traditions. The Dawoodi Bohra community’s commitment to unity, charity, and progress ensures that it will continue to play an important role in the world for generations to come.