Did Marathas Control Peshawar?

The Maratha Control of Peshawar: A Short-Lived Expansion

The Maratha Empire, known for its military prowess and expansionist strategies, briefly controlled Peshawar in the mid-18th century. This occupation, which lasted less than a year, was a significant moment in Indian history as it marked the furthest extent of Maratha influence in the northwest. However, their control over the region was short-lived due to the relentless Afghan resistance led by Ahmad Shah Abdali.

Background of Maratha Expansion

By the mid-18th century, the Marathas had become the dominant power in India, filling the vacuum left by the declining Mughal Empire. After capturing Delhi in 1757, they aimed to extend their influence into Punjab and beyond. The Mughal-appointed governor of Punjab, Adina Beg Khan, sought Maratha help against the Afghan forces under Ahmad Shah Abdali. This alliance allowed the Marathas to march towards Punjab and eventually push their way to Peshawar.

Maratha Conquest of Peshawar (1758)

In May 1758, a Maratha force led by Raghunathrao, along with commanders like Tukoji Holkar and Sabaji Scindia, launched a campaign in Punjab. They joined hands with the Sikh forces and decisively defeated Taimur Shah Durrani, son of Ahmad Shah Abdali, forcing him to retreat to Kabul. With this victory, the Marathas took control of Peshawar, marking a significant achievement in their northern expansion.

Maratha Rule and Administration

After taking over Peshawar, the Marathas appointed Sabaji Scindia as the governor of Punjab, which included Lahore, Attock, and Peshawar. They implemented administrative reforms, levied taxes, and attempted to consolidate their control over the region. However, ruling Peshawar, which was located far from the Maratha heartland, proved to be a challenge. The region had deep Afghan influence, and maintaining authority over it required constant military presence.

Challenges and Afghan Counterattack

Despite their initial success, the Marathas faced several challenges in holding Peshawar:

1. Strategic Vulnerability – Peshawar was too far from Maharashtra, making reinforcements difficult.
2. Afghan Resistance – Ahmad Shah Abdali was determined to reclaim his lost territories and began regrouping his forces.
3. Limited Support from Allies – The Sikhs, although initially supportive, were more focused on their own interests and did not fully commit to defending Peshawar.
4. Maratha Priorities Elsewhere – The empire was engaged in conflicts in central and northern India, diverting resources away from Punjab.

Loss of Peshawar (Early 1759)

Ahmad Shah Abdali launched a powerful counteroffensive in early 1759. With a well-organized army, he pushed the Marathas out of Peshawar and reclaimed the city. The Marathas, unable to sustain their hold due to logistical and military constraints, withdrew to Punjab. This marked the end of Maratha influence in the region.

Impact and Aftermath

Although the Marathas briefly controlled Peshawar, their hold over the northwest proved unsustainable. The occupation, however, demonstrated their ambition and military capability to challenge Afghan power. The conflict with Abdali eventually culminated in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, a disastrous defeat for the Marathas that significantly weakened their northern ambitions.

Conclusion

The Maratha control of Peshawar was a bold but short-lived chapter in Indian history. While it showcased their ability to extend their influence far beyond their traditional strongholds, it also highlighted the challenges of sustaining power in the volatile northwest. Ultimately, the loss of Peshawar foreshadowed the larger setback they would face against Ahmad Shah Abdali at Panipat, marking a turning point in their expansionist efforts.