Who Was Srimanta Sankardev?
Srimanta Sankardev: The Saint Who Shaped Assam’s Spiritual and Cultural Identity
Srimanta Sankardev (1449–1568) was a saint, poet, playwright, social reformer, and the founder of Ekasarana Dharma, a monotheistic bhakti movement in Assam centered around devotion to Lord Krishna. His influence extends far beyond religion—he shaped Assamese culture, literature, music, dance, and identity in ways that continue to resonate today. Through his teachings and works, Sankardev unified the people of Assam and laid the foundation for a progressive, inclusive spiritual movement.
Early Life and Background
Srimanta Sankardev was born in Bordowa, in present-day Nagaon district of Assam, into a Shiromani Bhuyan family, which was part of the Assamese nobility. Orphaned at a young age, he was brought up by his grandmother. He showed early signs of intelligence and creativity, and at the age of 12, he was enrolled in a traditional Sanskrit school (toll) under the scholar Mahendra Kandali.
Even in his early years, Sankardev stood out as a brilliant student with deep understanding of grammar, scriptures, and philosophy. He was not only intellectually gifted but also talented in music, painting, and poetry. However, it was his spiritual insight and compassion for humanity that would later define his legacy.
Pilgrimage and Transformation
At the age of 32, Sankardev undertook a long pilgrimage across India that lasted over a decade. During this journey, he visited major religious centers like Puri, Vrindavan, Mathura, and Dwarka. These travels broadened his understanding of spiritual traditions and deepened his belief in a form of devotion that was personal, direct, and free from ritualistic burdens.
Upon returning to Assam, Sankardev began preaching a new religious philosophy that would soon evolve into Ekasarana Dharma—a path of devotion to one supreme God (Krishna), based on chanting, singing, and moral living. His teachings rejected caste discrimination, idol worship, and elaborate rituals, emphasizing instead the inner purity of the devotee.
Founding of Ekasarana Dharma
Sankardev’s spiritual philosophy came to be known as Ekasarana Dharma, meaning “shelter-in-one”—complete surrender to one deity, Krishna. It was a simplified and accessible path rooted in the Bhakti movement, which had been gaining ground across India. The core pillars of this faith included:
- Naam (chanting the name of God)
- Bhakti (loving devotion to Krishna)
- Guru (spiritual guide)
- Sangat (community worship and fellowship)
Ekasarana Dharma rejected Brahmanical rituals, complex religious ceremonies, and idol worship, opening the doors of spirituality to everyone, regardless of caste, class, or gender. This made it immensely popular among the common people.
Literary Contributions
Sankardev was a literary genius who transformed Assamese literature. He used language as a powerful medium to spread his spiritual message. By writing in Assamese and Brajavali (a literary blend of Assamese and Maithili), he made complex religious texts accessible to the general public.
His most notable literary works include:
- Kirtan Ghoxa – A compilation of lyrical verses praising Lord Krishna, meant for congregational singing.
- Bhagavat Book Translations – He translated and adapted parts of the Bhagavata Purana, bringing spiritual philosophy to the common masses.
- Ankia Naats – One-act plays written and staged by Sankardev to convey spiritual stories through drama and music. Some famous plays include Chihna Yatra, Parijat Haran, and Rukmini Haran.
These works were not only spiritually enriching but also aesthetically powerful. They played a critical role in shaping Assamese language, literature, and dramatic tradition.
Cultural Renaissance Through Arts
Sankardev’s impact on Assamese culture is immense. He used the performing arts—music, dance, and drama—as tools of devotion and education. His major cultural contributions include:
- Borgeet – Devotional songs composed in classical ragas. These lyrical pieces are still sung in prayer services and have become integral to Assamese musical heritage.
- Sattriya Dance – Sankardev developed this classical dance form as part of religious performances in monastic institutions (Sattras). It was officially recognized as one of India’s classical dance forms in 2000.
- Ankia Naats – Through these one-act plays, Sankardev created a unique Assamese theatrical tradition that combined narrative, music, dance, and visual storytelling.
Institution Building: Namghars and Sattras
To institutionalize his teachings, Sankardev established Namghars (community prayer halls) and Sattras (Vaishnavite monasteries). These centers became the backbone of the Ekasarana Dharma movement.
- Namghars served as places for congregational worship, community discussions, and cultural gatherings.
- Sattras were monastic institutions that trained disciples in religion, music, drama, and dance.
These institutions continue to play a major role in Assamese religious and cultural life even today.
Opposition and Perseverance
Sankardev’s revolutionary ideas were not universally welcomed. He faced stiff opposition from orthodox Brahminical groups and feudal elites who saw his teachings as a threat to the existing social order. He was accused of heresy and at times had to relocate to continue his work peacefully.
Despite the challenges, he remained steadfast in his mission. With support from his followers and progressive local rulers like Koch king Naranarayan, he was able to spread his message across Assam and beyond.
Final Years and Death
Sankardev spent his final years in the Koch kingdom under the patronage of King Naranarayan and his general Chilarai. During this time, he composed several literary works, guided his disciples, and further refined the spiritual and organizational framework of Ekasarana Dharma.
He passed away in 1568 at the age of 119, leaving behind a rich spiritual and cultural legacy that continues to inspire generations.
Legacy
Srimanta Sankardev is not just remembered as a saint, but as the father of Assamese culture. His influence is felt in nearly every aspect of Assamese life—from religion and literature to music, dance, and social ethics. His message of equality, compassion, and devotion remains timeless.
Some key aspects of his legacy include:
- Religious Reformation – He redefined spirituality by making it inclusive and accessible.
- Cultural Unification – Through his writings and art, he created a shared cultural identity for Assam.
- Moral and Social Impact – He challenged casteism and promoted a society based on moral values and devotion.
Today, institutions, universities, and cultural organizations across Assam and India honor his memory. His teachings are preserved through oral traditions, festivals like Doul Utsav and Janmastami, and ongoing scholarly research.
Conclusion
Srimanta Sankardev was a visionary who blended spirituality with art, literature, and social reform. He lit a path of devotion that was open to all, regardless of caste or background. Through his efforts, he not only redefined religious practice but also laid the foundation for a vibrant and inclusive Assamese identity.
His life reminds us that true spirituality is not confined to rituals or temples—it lives in compassion, community, and the continuous pursuit of truth. Even more than 450 years after his passing, Srimanta Sankardev remains a guiding light for all who seek peace, purpose, and unity through devotion.
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