Why Parsis Migrated To India?

The Migration of Parsis to India: A Story of Faith and Resilience

The Parsis, followers of the ancient religion of Zoroastrianism, are one of India’s most remarkable communities. Their migration from Persia (modern-day Iran) to India is a significant chapter in history, symbolizing the perseverance of faith in the face of adversity. This article delves into the reasons behind their migration, the journey to India, and their lasting contributions to Indian society.

Historical Background

Zoroastrianism, one of the world’s oldest religions, was founded by the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra) in ancient Persia around the 6th century BCE. It was once the predominant religion of the Persian Empire, particularly during the rule of the Achaemenid dynasty. The faith emphasized the duality of good and evil, with Ahura Mazda as the supreme deity.

However, with the Arab conquest of Persia in the 7th century CE, Zoroastrians faced religious persecution. The Islamic rulers imposed heavy taxes called Jizya on non-Muslims and restricted their religious practices. Zoroastrian temples, known as fire temples, were often destroyed or converted into mosques. Faced with the threat of religious extinction, many Zoroastrians sought refuge in foreign lands.

Persecution of Zoroastrians

The persecution of Zoroastrians under Islamic rule was harsh and systematic. After the fall of the Sassanian Empire in 651 CE, Persia came under Arab Muslim control. While some Zoroastrians converted to Islam to avoid persecution, others resisted, leading to severe consequences.

• Religious Suppression: Zoroastrians were forced to practice their faith in secrecy. Fire temples were desecrated, and religious texts like the Avesta were destroyed or lost.
• Social Discrimination: As non-Muslims, Zoroastrians were treated as second-class citizens under Islamic rule. They were often humiliated and subjected to degrading treatment.
• Jizya Tax: The Islamic rulers imposed a heavy tax known as Jizya on non-Muslims. Failure to pay this tax could result in imprisonment, enslavement, or even death.
• Destruction of Culture: Cultural and religious landmarks were destroyed. The destruction of Zoroastrian symbols and temples was aimed at erasing their religious identity.
• Forced Conversion: Zoroastrians were often forced to convert to Islam under the threat of violence. Many who refused faced execution or severe punishment.

These acts of persecution forced a significant portion of the Zoroastrian population to leave their homeland in search of safety and religious freedom.

The Migration to India

The Parsis’ migration is believed to have occurred between the 8th and 10th centuries CE. They sailed across the Arabian Sea and reached the western coast of India, primarily the region of Gujarat. Historical accounts suggest that they first arrived at the port of Sanjan.

The Legend of Jadi Rana

A well-known legend describes the encounter between the Parsis and the local Hindu king, Jadi Rana. Upon their arrival, the Parsis requested asylum. The king, concerned about integrating foreigners, presented them with a symbolic challenge by filling a vessel with milk to the brim. This was to signify that his kingdom was already full and could not accommodate more people.

In response, the Parsi priest cleverly added a pinch of sugar to the milk, demonstrating that they would blend into society without causing disruption. Impressed by this gesture, Jadi Rana granted them refuge under the condition that they adopt local customs, respect the land, and refrain from converting others to their religion.

This legendary agreement reflects the spirit of harmony and mutual respect that defined the Parsis’ relationship with their Indian hosts.

Adapting to a New Land

Once settled in Gujarat, the Parsis gradually adapted to their new environment. They adopted the local language, Gujarati, while maintaining their religious customs. They also incorporated elements of Indian culture into their attire and cuisine, leading to a unique Indo-Iranian heritage.

Religious practices remained central to their identity. They built Atash Behrams (fire temples) where the sacred fire, representing Ahura Mazda’s divine presence, was kept burning perpetually. The practice of Dokhmenashini, or sky burial, also continued, where the deceased were placed in Towers of Silence for vultures to consume, symbolizing the natural cycle of life.

Contributions to Indian Society

Despite being a small community, the Parsis have made significant contributions to India in various fields. Their emphasis on education, entrepreneurship, and philanthropy has left an indelible mark on Indian society.

Economic Contributions

• Jamsetji Tata, the founder of the Tata Group, is regarded as the father of Indian industry. His vision for industrial development laid the foundation for modern India.
• Other prominent industrialists like Ness Wadia and Godrej also played a pivotal role in the growth of India’s manufacturing and trade sectors.

Social Reforms and Philanthropy

• The Parsis are known for their charitable endeavors. Institutions like the Tata Memorial Hospital and Parsi General Hospital provide healthcare to thousands.
• Dadabhai Naoroji, the first Indian to be elected to the British Parliament, was a vocal advocate for India’s independence and social reforms.

Cultural Impact

• The Parsis have contributed significantly to the arts, literature, and cinema. Notable figures include playwright Adi Marzban and actress Perizaad Zorabian.
• The community has also excelled in sports, with legends like Farokh Engineer in cricket and Diana Edulji in women’s cricket.

Challenges Faced by the Parsi Community

Despite their success, the Parsi community faces demographic challenges. Low birth rates and high rates of out-marriage have led to a declining population. Various initiatives, like the Jiyo Parsi scheme, have been launched to encourage population growth within the community.

Additionally, maintaining traditional practices in a rapidly modernizing world poses challenges. However, the Parsis’ resilience and commitment to their heritage continue to keep their cultural identity alive.

Conclusion

The migration of the Parsis to India is a testament to the strength of faith and the spirit of coexistence. They fled persecution, seeking refuge in a foreign land, and went on to become one of India’s most respected communities. Their contributions to industry, society, and culture have enriched the fabric of Indian life.

As the Parsis continue to navigate the complexities of the modern world, their story serves as a reminder of the enduring power of resilience and the beauty of cultural integration. The legacy of the Parsis stands as a beacon of unity, celebrating the harmonious blend of Persian heritage and Indian hospitality.